for lubricant oils, heavy and light oils, waxes as well as mildly corrosive liquids and low flow gas heating. Steel flanges can also be found in immersion heaters for water tanks. These flanged heaters are used to process soap and detergent solutions as well as demineralized or deionized water. Stainless steel flanged heaters are used with mildly corrosive solutions as well as severe corrosive solutions. Food applications also use stainless steel for sanitary purposes. The sheath materials used